تعريفات النصوص الاجتماعية باللغة الانجليزية مع نوره

الفصل اول 

Sociology: the science or study of the origin ,development, organization , function of human society

(ص٢٠)

 solidarity: refers to friendly,co-operative,natural support among member of a group

(ص٢٨)

الفصل الثاني

theory :a set of relatively general abstract statements that explain some aspects of the real world

(ص٣٩)

manifest function:  the intended and recognized

(ص٥١ رقم ٤)

latent function : that are unintended and often unrecognized

(ص٥١ رقم ٢)

hypothesis : a testable statement of relationships between particular variables

(ص٥١ رقم٣)

Experiment group :the group exposed of the experimental variable 

(ص٤٧)

control group: the group not exposed to the experimental variable

(ص٤٧)

A population : consists of all those people with the characteristics a researcher 

(ص٤٧)

structured question : permit only yes,no or undecided as limited answers.

(ص٤٨)

case study: is a through investigation a small groups incident , or community

(ص٤٩)

الفصل الثالث

 Culture: we means that complex set of learned and shared,beliefs customs skills,habits,traditions,and knowledge common to the members of a society 

(ص٦٥)

beliefe : are shared sets of ideas about how the world operates 

3-values are board ,abstract shared ,standards of what is right desirable 

(ص٥٧)

Values : are widely shared,they are seldom adhered to all times by every member of a culture 

(ص٥٨)

Norms : is a specified rule or rule about what people should not do say ,or think in given situations.

(ص٥٨)

expressive symbol : the material aspect, of culture which often are a direct representation of beliefs, values, and norms

(ص٦٩ رقم٦)

sub-culture : the are many variation particularly in large and complex societies . then is a set of expressive symbols ,norms, values, sanctions and ways of speaking and behaving that distinguish a group from other members of the larger society 

(ص٦٦+٦٧)

Counter culture is a Sab-culture whose Norms and values aren't just different from but in conflict with thoes of the dominant culture 

(ص٦٨)

الفصل الرابع :

socialization : is the process of transmitting socially appropriate beliefs and behavior patterns to an individual and making possible the development of a self or personality 

(ص٧٤)

the self : the individuals same of who I am

(ص٧٩)

agents of socialization : An individual group or organization that influence a person behavior and sense of self 

(ص٨٠)

Peers : those people who are like you they are people who occupy the same statuses you do 

(ص٨٢)

الفصل الخامس 

Social structure : is the farmer work of the relationship that organize behavior in groups and societies 

(ص٩٢)

Status : is a position the individual occupies in the social structure

(ص٩٣) 

Achieved status :  social status that is attained through personal effort

Ascribed status : A social stunts that is assigned to an individual at berth or at defferent of the cycle on the basis of characteristics the individual cannot countrol

Master status : is a social position that tends to override every thing else the person is or does life 

Role : is the behavior of one who occupies a particular status

(ص٩٥)

Group : A member of people who feel a common identity and interact in regular and structured way on the basic of shared norms and values 

(ص96)

Microsociolgy :  focuses on patterns  of  everyday  interaction. The second 

is the detailed minute by minute by minute analysis of the what people do say and think in actual flow if momentary experience 

(ص97+98)

Macrosociology : focuses  on  the social patterns  that  characterize an  entire society.

It  is  the  study of  on  going relationships  among groups and organization

(ص98)

society : is a self-sufficient group of people who live in a common territory and transmit unique language and culture to those who are born  accepted in to the group

(ص99)

الرأسمالية | Capitalism

Capitalism

الرأسماليه

Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

الرأسمالية هي نظام اقتصادي قائم على الملكية الخاصة لوسائل الإنتاج والتشغيل من أجل الربح.

Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system, and competitive markets.

وتشمل الخصائص المركزية للرأسمالية الملكية الخاصة، وتراكم رأس المال، العمل المأجور، التبادل الطوعي، ونظام الأسعار، والأسواق التنافسية.

العرقيه | Ethnicity مع الدكتوره امال فلمبان

An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities, such as common ancestral, language, social, cultural or national experiences.

مجموعة إثنية أو عرقية هي فئة من الناس الذين يتعاطفون مع بعضهم البعض على أسس التشابه، مثل الأجداد أو اللغة أو الاجتماعي أو الثقافي أو الخبرات الوطنية.

Unlike other social groups (wealth, age, hobbies), ethnicity is often an inherited status based on the society in which a person lives. 

على عكس المجموعات الأخرى الاجتماعية (الثروة والعمر والهوايات)، العرق غالبا ما تكون الأوضاع الموروثة على أساس المجتمع الذي يعيش فيه الشخص.

In some cases, it can be adopted if a person moves into another society.

في بعض الحالات، يمكن اعتمادها إذا ينتقل الشخص إلى مجتمع آخر.

Auguste Comte اوجست كونت

Auguste Comte (1798–1857) is the founder of positivism, a philosophical and political movement which enjoyed a very wide diffusion in the second half of the nineteenth century.

أوغست كونت (1798-1857) هو مؤسس الفلسفة الوضعية، وهي حركة فلسفية و سياسية التي تمتعت بإنتشار واسعة جدا في النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر.

Symbolic Interactionism نظرية التفاعل الرمزي

Symbolic Interactionism

نظرية التفاعل الرمزي 

Symbolic interactionism is a social psychological theory developed from the work of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead in the early part of the twentieth century (the actual name of the theory comes from Herbert Blumer). According to this theory, people inhabit a world that is in large part socially constructed. In particular, the meaning of objects, events, and behaviors comes from the interpretation people give them, and interpretations vary from one group to another. Cooley, in his theory of a "looking glass self," argued that the way we think about ourselves is particularly apt to be a reflection of other people's appraisals (or more accurately, our imagining of other people's appraisals) and that our self-concepts are built up in the intimate groups that he called "primary groups." Mead emphasized that human beings do not react directly to events; they act based on their interpretation of the meaning of events.

نظرية التفاعل الرمزي هو نظرية نفسية اجتماعية وضعت من أعمال تشارلز هورتون كولي وجورج هربرت ميد في الجزء المبكر من القرن العشرين (الاسم الفعلي للنظرية يأتي من هربرت بلومر). ووفقا لهذه النظرية، والناس تسكن عالما في جزء كبير منه اجتماعيا. على وجه الخصوص، ومعنى الأشياء والأحداث والسلوكيات يأتي من تفسير الناس يعطيهم، والتفسيرات تختلف من مجموعة إلى أخرى. كولي، في نظريته عن "تبحث النفس الزجاج،" وذكر أن الطريقة التي نفكر بها أنفسنا هي عرضة بشكل خاص ليكون انعكاسا لتقييم الآخرين (أو بدقة أكثر، لدينا التصور من تقييم الآخرين) والتي مفاهيمنا عن النفس وتراكمت في المجموعات الحميمة التي وصفها بأنها "جماعات الأولية." أكد ميد أن البشر لا تتفاعل مباشرة للأحداث. يتصرفون بناء على تفسيرهم لمعنى الأحداث.

مثال على نظرية التفاعل الرمزي | Example of Symbolic Interactionism

A good example of the looking glass self is a person trying on clothes before going out with friends. Some people may not think much about how others will think about their clothing choices, but others can spend quite a bit of time considering what they are going to wear. While they are deciding, the dialogue taking place inside their mind is usually a dialogue between their "self" (that portion of their identity that calls itself "I") and that person's internalized understanding of their friends and society (a "generalized other"). An indicator of mature socialization is when an individual quite accurately predicts how other people think about him or her. Such an individual has incorporated the "social" into the "self. "

اسئلة اختبار نصوص اجتماعية باللغة الإنجليزية مع د. آمال فلمبان #اختبار1

q1 

(صح) : political science focus on power relationship and voting

q2

 (صح) : max weber interested in capitalism 

q3

(صح) : economic is interested in the exchange of goods and service 

q4 

(خطأ) : social static means social progress

q5 

(صح) : durkheim wrote about suicide  

q6

(خطأ) : spencer  coined  the word of sociology